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Learn digital electronics

Digital electronics topics explained from scratch, with worked examples and exercises with answers. Each topic ends with a hands-on activity to build in the simulator.

  1. 1Logic gates: NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNORLearn the symbol, Boolean expression and truth table of the seven basic logic gates, and why NAND and NOR alone are enough to build everything.
  2. 2Boolean algebra: laws, De Morgan and simplificationPostulates, laws and theorems of Boolean algebra, De Morgan's theorems and step-by-step algebraic simplification with worked examples and exercises.
  3. 3Truth tables and canonical forms: Σm and ΠMHow to go from a truth table to an equation: minterms, maxterms, sum of products, product of sums and Σm and ΠM notation, with worked examples.
  4. 4Karnaugh maps for 2, 3 and 4 variables with don't-care conditionsSimplify functions with Karnaugh maps of 2, 3 and 4 variables: Gray code, grouping rules, wrap-around adjacency at the edges and don't-care conditions.
  5. 5The Quine-McCluskey method step by stepSimplify functions with the Quine-McCluskey method: prime implicants, the prime implicant chart, essential implicants and a complete 4-variable example.
  6. 6Number systems: binary, octal, hexadecimal and codesBinary, octal and hexadecimal with worked conversions, negative numbers in 2's complement, BCD code and Gray code explained with examples and exercises.
  7. 7Binary adders: half adder, full adder and ripple-carry adderHow the half adder, the full adder and the ripple-carry adder work, and how to subtract using 2's complement, with truth tables and worked examples.
  8. 8Multiplexers, decoders and encoders explainedLearn how the multiplexer, demultiplexer, decoder and encoder work, the 7-segment decoder and how to implement a logic function with a MUX.
  9. 9Latches and flip-flops: SR, D, JK and T step by stepUnderstand the SR latch and the D latch, edge-triggered D, JK and T flip-flops, their characteristic and excitation tables, and setup and hold times.
  10. 10Counters and shift registers: step-by-step designAsynchronous and synchronous counters, modulo-N counters, SISO, SIPO and PISO shift registers, and ring and Johnson counters with worked examples.
  11. 11Moore and Mealy state machines: a complete designLearn to design Moore and Mealy finite state machines: state diagram, state table, binary state assignment and a fully worked 101 sequence detector.
  12. 12Timing diagrams, glitches and static hazardsRead timing diagrams, compute propagation delays and the critical path, understand why glitches appear and remove static hazards with Karnaugh maps.
  13. 13From the logic diagram to the breadboard with 74HC chipsHow a breadboard is wired inside, the pinout of DIP-14 74HC chips, LED resistors, floating inputs, decoupling capacitors and step-by-step debugging.